Page 1: Introduction
Acids: sour taste, turn blue litmus red, release H⁺ in water.
Bases: bitter taste, slippery, turn red litmus blue, release OH⁻.
Salts: formed by neutralisation.
Page 2: Properties of Acids
- Sour taste
- Corrosive
- Conduct electricity in solution
- React with metals → H₂ gas
- React with bases → salt + water
- React with carbonates → CO₂
Page 3: Properties of Bases
- Bitter taste, soapy touch
- Conduct electricity
- React with acids → salt + water
- Turn red litmus blue
Page 4: Indicators
| Indicator | Acid | Base |
|---|---|---|
| Litmus | Red | Blue |
| Phenolphthalein | Colourless | Pink |
| Methyl orange | Red | Yellow |
Olfaactory: onion, vanilla, clove.
Page 5: pH Scale
0 to 14 scale.
- pH < 7: acidic
- pH = 7: neutral
- pH > 7: basic
pH = -log[H⁺]
Page 6: Dilution and Concentration
Dilution lowers [H⁺]/[OH⁻] → pH changes.
Strong acids/bases fully ionise, weak partially.
Page 7: Neutralisation
Exothermic, pH = 7 for strong-strong.
Page 8: Salts
Normal, acidic, basic salts.
Preparation: acid + base, acid + metal, etc.
Page 9: Common Salt - Sodium Chloride
Uses: food, preservative, raw material for chemicals.
Page 10: Baking Soda (NaHCO₃)
Preparation: NaCl + NH₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → NaHCO₃
Uses: baking, antacid, fire extinguisher.
Page 11: Washing Soda (Na₂CO₃·10H₂O)
Recrystallisation of baking soda.
Uses: cleaning, water softening.
Page 12: Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄·½H₂O)
From gypsum CaSO₄·2H₂O → 373 K
Sets with water → gypsum.
Uses: casts, decoration.
Page 13: Bleaching Powder (Ca(OCl)₂)
Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ →
Uses: bleaching, disinfectant.
Page 14: Water of Crystallisation
Fixed water molecules in crystal structure.
e.g., CuSO₄·5H₂O (blue), anhydrous white.
Page 15: Key Points Summary
- pH scale and values
- Indicators colour change
- Important salts and uses
- Water of crystallisation
Page 16: Practice Questions - Easy (1-10)
- pH of neutral solution.
- Litmus in acid.
- Formula of baking soda.
- Plaster of Paris chemical name.
- Phenolphthalein in base.
- Bleaching powder use.
- Washing soda crystals.
- pH <7 means?
- Neutralisation products.
- Water of crystallisation example.
Page 17: Practice Questions - Medium (11-20)
- Preparation of baking soda.
- Why POP sets with water.
- Uses of washing soda.
- pH of strong acid approx.
- Reaction of acid with metal carbonate.
- Bleaching powder preparation.
- Antacid action of baking soda.
- Colour change CuSO₄·5H₂O on heating.
- Common salt importance.
- Difference strong and weak acid.
Page 18: Practice Questions - Hard (21-30)
- Explain Solvay process.
- pH calculation hint.
- Properties of all salts.
- Board level uses and preparation.
- Neutralisation detailed.
- Chemical equations for all salts.
- Water softening by washing soda.
- Fire extinguisher reaction.
- Plaster of Paris setting reaction.
- Importance of pH in daily life.
Page 19: Important Salts Table
Name, formula, preparation, uses.
Page 20: Common Mistakes
- Wrong formula for salts
- Confusing POP and gypsum
- Wrong pH values
- Missing water of crystallisation
- Wrong indicator colour
Page 21: Previous Year Questions
Uses, preparation, pH, reactions.
Page 22: Exam Tips
- Write chemical formulas correctly
- Give balanced equations
- List uses clearly
- Memorise pH values and indicators
- Explain reactions
Page 23: Quick Revision Sheet
All salts, pH, indicators.
Page 24: Final Motivation
Chapter 2 complete! Acids, Bases and Salts is scoring.
Master formulas and uses.
Class 10 Science rolling strong 🦖
Page 25: Extra Equations
All important reactions.
Page 26: pH Importance
Daily life examples.
Page 27: Thank You & Copyright
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