Page 1: Introduction
Carbon: atomic number 6, electronic configuration 2,4.
Tetravalent, forms covalent bonds.
Catentation: self-linking property → long chains.
Forms millions of compounds (organic chemistry).
Page 2: Covalent Bonding in Carbon
Shares electrons to achieve octet.
Single, double, triple bonds.
Hydrocarbons: only C and H.
Page 3: Allotropes of Carbon
- Diamond: hard, insulating, tetrahedral
- Graphite: soft, conducting, layered
- Fullerene: C60, football shape
Page 4: Hydrocarbons
- Saturated: single bonds (alkanes CnH2n+2)
- Unsaturated: double/triple bonds (alkenes CnH2n, alkynes CnH2n-2)
Page 5: Homologous Series
Family of compounds with same functional group, differ by CH₂.
General formula, similar properties, gradual change.
Page 6: Nomenclature (IUPAC)
Root word (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-)
Suffix: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -yne (alkyne)
Numbering from lowest carbon.
Page 7: Functional Groups
| Group | Formula | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | -OH | -ol |
| Aldehyde | -CHO | -al |
| Ketone | >C=O | -one |
| Carboxylic acid | -COOH | -oic acid |
| Halogen | -X | halo- |
Page 8: Isomerism
Same molecular formula, different structure.
Chain, position, functional group isomerism.
Example: C4H10 (butane, isobutane)
Page 9: Chemical Properties - Combustion
Complete: CO₂ + H₂O + energy
Incomplete: CO or soot.
All carbon compounds burn.
Page 10: Oxidation
Alcohol → carboxylic acid (KMnO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇)
Ethanol → ethanoic acid
Page 11: Addition Reaction
Unsaturated + H₂/Ni → saturated
Alkene/alkyne.
Hydrogenation of oils → fats.
Page 12: Substitution Reaction
Saturated + halogen/sunlight → halogenated compound
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl
Page 13: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
Properties: colourless, pleasant smell, soluble.
Reactions: with Na → H₂, dehydration → ethene, oxidation → ethanoic acid.
Uses: solvent, drinks, antiseptic.
Page 14: Ethanoic Acid (CH₃COOH)
Properties: sour, 5-8% vinegar.
Reactions: with base → salt, with carbonate → CO₂, esterification.
Uses: vinegar, coagulate latex.
Page 15: Soaps and Detergents
Soap: sodium salt of fatty acid.
Cleans by micelle formation.
Hard water disadvantage (scum).
Detergent: works in hard water.
Page 16: Key Points Summary
- Tetravalency, catenation
- Homologous series
- Functional groups
- 4 chemical properties
- Ethanol & ethanoic acid reactions
- Soap vs detergent
Page 17: Practice Questions - Easy (1-10)
- Valency of carbon.
- Catenation meaning.
- Formula of ethene.
- Functional group alcohol.
- Combustion product CO₂.
- Ethanol formula.
- Soap disadvantage.
- Allotrope graphite property.
- Homologous difference CH₂.
- Esterification reaction.
Page 18: Practice Questions - Medium (11-20)
- Name first 5 alkanes.
- Write addition reaction ethene + H₂.
- Dehydration of ethanol.
- Why carbon forms covalent compounds.
- Properties of diamond.
- Esterification with ethanoic acid + ethanol.
- Micelle formation.
- Substitution in methane.
- Uses of ethanoic acid.
- Isomer of butane.
Page 19: Practice Questions - Hard (21-30)
- Explain cleansing action of soap.
- Compare saturated and unsaturated.
- Full reaction ethanol to ethene.
- Why detergents better in hard water.
- Carbon allotropes properties comparison.
- Board level nomenclature.
- Functional group identification.
- Ethanol oxidation products.
- Homologous series characteristics.
- Real-life importance of carbon compounds.
Page 20: Important Reactions Table
All key reactions.
Page 21: Common Mistakes
- Wrong functional group suffix
- Forgetting catalyst in addition
- Mixing soap and detergent action
- Wrong isomer drawing
- Forgetting concentrated H₂SO₄ in dehydration
Page 22: Previous Year Questions
Nomenclature, reactions, soap, ethanol properties.
Page 23: Exam Tips
- Draw structures neatly
- Write balanced equations
- Explain micelle diagram description
- Memorise reactions of ethanol/ethanoic acid
- List uses clearly
Page 24: Quick Revision Sheet
All groups, reactions, properties.
Page 25: Final Motivation
Chapter 4 complete! Carbon compounds is vast but scoring.
Master nomenclature and reactions.
Class 10 Science unstoppable 🦖
Page 26: Extra Reactions
Important equations.
Page 27: Thank You & Copyright
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