Page 1: Introduction
Light travels in straight line (rectilinear propagation).
Reflection: bouncing back in same medium.
Refraction: bending when entering different medium.
Spherical mirrors and lenses.
Page 2: Reflection of Light
Laws:
- Incident ray, reflected ray, normal in same plane
- Angle i = angle r
Plane mirror: virtual, erect, laterally inverted, same size.
Page 3: Spherical Mirrors
Concave (converging), convex (diverging).
Terms: pole, centre of curvature, radius, focus, focal length (f = R/2).
Page 4: Sign Convention
Cartesian: incident light from left.
- Distances left of pole: negative
- Right: positive
- Above principal axis: positive
- Below: negative
Page 5: Mirror Formula
Magnification m = -v/u = h'/h
Page 6: Ray Diagrams - Concave Mirror
Object positions: beyond C, at C, between C and F, at F, between F and P.
Image nature description.
Page 7: Ray Diagrams - Convex Mirror
Always virtual, erect, diminished.
Page 8: Refraction of Light
Laws:
- Incident, refracted, normal same plane
- Snell’s law: sin i / sin r = constant (n)
Refractive index n = c/v = 1/sin c
Page 9: Refraction through Glass Slab
Lateral shift.
Emergent ray parallel to incident.
Page 10: Lenses
Convex (converging), concave (diverging).
Lens formula same as mirror: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Power P = 1/f (in metre), unit dioptre.
Page 11: Ray Diagrams - Convex Lens
Object positions similar to concave mirror.
Page 12: Ray Diagrams - Concave Lens
Always virtual, erect, diminished.
Page 13: Key Formulas Summary
- Mirror/Lens formula
- Magnification
- Power P = 1/f
- Snell’s law
Page 14: Practice Questions - Easy (1-10)
- Laws of reflection.
- Focal length concave mirror sign.
- Mirror formula.
- Refractive index definition.
- Power unit.
- Convex lens nature.
- Lateral shift cause.
- Magnification formula.
- Object at infinity image.
- Snell’s law.
Page 15: Practice Questions - Medium (11-20)
- Find v if u=-30, f=-15 concave mirror.
- Magnification if h'=2h.
- Power of lens f=20 cm.
- Image nature object between F and 2F convex lens.
- Find f if P= +2.5 D.
- Ray diagram description concave mirror object beyond C.
- Refractive index air to glass sin i/sin r.
- Combination of lenses power.
- Object distance for real image same size concave mirror.
- Sign convention distances.
Page 16: Practice Questions - Hard (21-30)
- Numerical with combination mirror lens.
- Find position, nature, size numerical.
- Board level ray diagram + calculation.
- Power of two lenses in contact.
- Object shifted effect.
- Refraction through slab shift.
- Multiple reflections.
- Lens maker formula hint.
- Real-life application.
- Advanced magnification.
Page 17: Sign Convention Table
Mirror and lens.
Page 18: Common Mistakes
- Wrong sign convention
- Confusing concave/convex f
- Missing negative in magnification
- Wrong formula lens/mirror
- Ray diagram errors
Page 19: Previous Year Questions
Numericals, ray diagrams, power, nature of image.
Page 20: Exam Tips
- Draw ray diagrams neatly
- Apply sign convention correctly
- Write formula first
- State nature, position, size
- Practice numericals daily
Page 21: Quick Revision Sheet
All formulas, sign convention, image nature.
Page 22: Final Motivation
Chapter 10 complete! Light is diagram and numerical heavy.
Master ray diagrams and sign convention.
Class 10 Science unstoppable 🦖
Page 23: Extra Numericals
More solved problems.
Page 24: Ray Diagrams
All cases description.
Page 25: Power of Lens
Combination and calculation.
Page 26: Board Pattern
Common numerical and diagram.
Page 27: Thank You & Copyright
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