Page 1: Introduction
Elements classified as metals, non-metals, metalloids.
Metals: 80% elements, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors.
Non-metals: brittle, poor conductors (except graphite).
Page 2: Physical Properties of Metals
- Lustrous
- Malleable & ductile
- High density (except Na, K)
- Good conductors of heat & electricity
- High melting & boiling point (except Hg, Ga)
- Sonorous
Page 3: Physical Properties of Non-Metals
- Dull (except iodine, diamond)
- Brittle
- Low density
- Poor conductors (except graphite)
- Low melting & boiling point
Page 4: Chemical Properties of Metals
- React with oxygen → metal oxide (basic)
- React with water → H₂ (reactive metals)
- React with acids → H₂
- Form positive ions
Page 5: Chemical Properties of Non-Metals
- React with oxygen → non-metal oxide (acidic)
- Do not displace H₂ from acids
- Form negative ions
Page 6: Reactivity Series
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Sn > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au
More reactive metal displaces less reactive from salt solution.
Page 7: Ionic Compounds
Metal + non-metal → ionic bond (electrovalent)
High melting point, soluble in water, conduct in molten/aqueous state.
Page 8: Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
Ores: minerals from which metal extracted profitably.
Enrichment: concentration.
Extraction: roasting, calcination, reduction.
Page 9: Extraction of High Reactivity Metals
Electrolytic reduction (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al).
Hall-Heroult process for Al.
Page 10: Extraction of Medium Reactivity
Reduction with carbon (Zn, Fe, Pb).
Roasting → oxide → reduction.
Page 11: Extraction of Low Reactivity
Self-reduction or heating (Cu, Hg).
Cinnabar HgS → Hg.
Page 12: Refining
Electrolytic refining for pure metal (Cu, Al).
Page 13: Corrosion
Slow eating away by air/moisture.
Rusting of iron: Fe₂O₃·xH₂O
Prevention: painting, oiling, galvanisation, alloying.
Page 14: Alloys
Homogeneous mixture of metals or metal + non-metal.
Steel (Fe+C), brass (Cu+Zn), bronze (Cu+Sn).
Properties better than pure metals.
Page 15: Key Points Summary
- Physical & chemical properties comparison
- Reactivity series
- Extraction methods
- Corrosion prevention
- Alloys examples
Page 16: Practice Questions - Easy (1-10)
- Malleable and ductile property.
- Good conductor non-metal.
- Reactivity series top metal.
- Rusting formula.
- Alloy of copper and zinc.
- Galvanisation meaning.
- Ionic compound conduct when?
- Roasting definition.
- Electrolytic reduction example.
- Corrosion prevention painting.
Page 17: Practice Questions - Medium (11-20)
- Difference physical properties metals non-metals.
- Reaction of metal with oxygen.
- Why sodium kept in kerosene.
- Reactivity series use in displacement.
- Extraction of aluminium process.
- Corrosion of silver.
- Alloy steel composition.
- Ionic compound properties.
- Calcination vs roasting.
- Why alloys used.
Page 18: Practice Questions - Hard (21-30)
- Explain reactivity series with examples.
- Full extraction of iron.
- Prevent corrosion methods detailed.
- Properties of ionic compounds explained.
- Compare metals and non-metals table.
- Board level alloy uses.
- Electrolytic refining diagram description.
- Occurrence of metals in nature.
- Why carbon used in extraction.
- Metalloids properties.
Page 19: Properties Comparison Table
Metals vs Non-metals physical & chemical.
Page 20: Reactivity Series Table
Full series with reactions.
Page 21: Common Mistakes
- Wrong reactivity order
- Confusing roasting and calcination
- Forgetting galvanisation zinc
- Wrong alloy composition
- Missing exceptions
Page 22: Previous Year Questions
Properties, reactivity, extraction, corrosion.
Page 23: Exam Tips
- Tabular comparison
- Write balanced reactions
- Explain exceptions
- Memorise reactivity series
- List uses of alloys
Page 24: Quick Revision Sheet
All properties, series, extraction.
Page 25: Final Motivation
Chapter 3 complete! Metals and Non-Metals is important.
Master reactivity series and properties.
Class 10 Science unstoppable 🦖
Page 26: Extra Reactions
Important chemical equations.
Page 27: Thank You & Copyright
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